10-16 October 2012 (week 13)

Tittle of Activity

-Project research-what is the blood volume

-make is as literature review.


Objectives 
-To know about the blood volume .



Content /Procedure

WHAT IS THE BLOOD VOLUME 

 Blood volume is a measurement of the volume, or amount of space, that the blood takes up in a given person. This includes both red blood cells and plasma, it is not limited to one particular part of blood. Maintaining a normal volume of blood is very important as it carries and essential nutrients throughout the body. If a person loses too much blood because of bleeding wound or because of inadequate blood cell synthesis, dangerously low blood pressure can result and may cause vital organs to receive inadequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients.

 There are many different factors that affect blood volume from person to person. Female, on average, have less blood than males do, and the bodies of children tend to contain less than those of grown men or women. Most people have roughly 102 gallons (407 litres) of blood in their bodies. Blood makes up approximately 1/11 of human body weight. People who live at high altitudes tend to have a higher volume because there is less oxygen in the air, the extra blood is needed to carry additional oxygen 

.throughout the body

  

Blood volume is regulated by the excretory system, particularly by the action of the kidneys. When the amount of blood in the body increases to a certain point, blood pressure increase and, through mechanism involving nerves and hormones, a signal is sent to the kidneys. The kidneys then reabsorb less fluid, causing more water and other substances necessary to blood production to be lost through urination, decreasing the volume of blood. The opposite happens when there is too little blood, the kidneys reabsorb more water and other substances necessary for blood, causing less to be lost through urination. Through this and other mechanism, blood pressure and volume are regulated and maintained at healthy levels

The volume of blood in a pregnant woman increases drastically over the normal amount of blood in the body, and it can actually increase by 25 to 50% because the developing fetus and the women is enlarged reproductive organs both needs more blood. To supply this blood, the heart must beat harder and faster tan usua and some blood vessel grow larger. In most cases, the volume of the plasma component of blood increases more than the volume of red blood vessel cells. This can lead to cases of 

anemia in pregnant woman, which tends to cause dizziness and fatigue.

 

Result &analysis 

 . To get the knowledge about blood volume with 

.To know the volume of blood in pregnant women  

9 ~ 15 October 2012 (Week 12)

Title of Activity

-Discussing with the supervisor about proposal and submition of proposal ,however.Discuss about the report and the three chapter in details.

Objective

-Get to know the due date of submition.

-To know the detail of the report .

Content - Procedure

-Detail of the report and first 3 chapter 

3 CHAPTERS :

FIRST CHAPTER :

-Project introduction & Report description.

SECOND CHAPTER:

-Literature review .

THIRD CHAPTER:

-Project methodology .

Result & Analysis

-I will use and improvise these three chapters for my final report as well .

  

 

8 ~ 14 October 2012 (Week 11)

Title of Activity

-Project research - the PPG waveform .

-Make it as literature review.

Objective

-To know about the PPG waveform .

Content / Procedure

Surf the internet for some information about PPG waveform .

Measurement system 

 

           A schematic diagram of the equipment used is shown in Figure 1. For photoplethysmographic (PPG) measurements the finger clip sensor (Nellcor Durasensor analog) was used (Fig. 1, block 1). The special laboratory instrument for PPG signal amplifying was designed (block 2). The scheme contains two Light Emitting Diodes (LED): red and infrared. The current in LEDs is limited by consistently connected resistor 150 ohm. Both LEDs are multiplexed on two contacts of the sensor. 

By changing polarity of a current it is possible to switch LED s  but  it is impossible to run both simultaneously. A special National Instruments data acquisition board (DAQ) PCI-MIO-16E-1 (block 3) to digitize the signals locally and transmit the digital data to the personal computer with sampling rate 500Signals from finger sensor are amplified by the PPG signal amplifier and then the signal is directed to the DAQ board where acquisition and analog-to-digital conversion take place. Once data is acquired and received it is possible to process and manipulate it. The LabVIEW software packet (block 4) consists of the following programs: main program for data acquisition; program for signal analysis; program for calculations.  

 

     

The waveform analysis was performed to assess the PPG characteristics. The waveforms were analyzed offline using LabVIEW programs. The computer program displayed the incoming waveform  on the screen of the computer. The minimum and maximum threshold (further P1 and P2) and valley (V) values were used as marks for signal analysis and comparison.  To locate necessary points of signal five markers were used.  Marker 1 characterizes the location of the first foot of the pulse. Marker 2 characterizes the location of the first peak. Marker 3 characterizes thelocation of the second peak. Marker 4 characterizes the location of the valley.  Marker 5 characterizes the location of the 

second foot (Figure 2).  

Result & Analysis

-Get the knowledge of PPG waveform .

-To know the PPG pulse recognition.